{"id":16301,"date":"2026-10-12T07:16:52","date_gmt":"2026-10-12T07:16:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/?post_type=posts&#038;p=16301"},"modified":"2026-10-12T07:20:45","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T07:20:45","slug":"crane-design-terminology","status":"publish","type":"posts","link":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/cs\/posts\/crane-design-terminology\/","title":{"rendered":"Terminologie konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f: Pr\u016fvodce z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi pojmy pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><p>Obsah<\/p><nav><ul><li><a href=\"#key-crane-design-terminology-parameters-and-duty-classes\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 terminologie konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f: Parametry a t\u0159\u00eddy zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1-rated-lifting-capacity-gn\">1. Jmenovit\u00e1 nosnost Gn<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-span-s\">2. Rozp\u011bt\u00ed S<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#3-gauge-k\">3. M\u011b\u0159idlo K<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#4-wheelbase-b\">4. Rozvor B<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#5-lifting-height-h-lowering-depth-h-and-lifting-range-d\">5. V\u00fd\u0161ka zdvihu H, hloubka spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed h a rozsah zdvihu D<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#6-mechanism-operating-speeds\">6. Provozn\u00ed rychlosti mechanismu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#7-wheel-load\">7. Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kola<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#8-duty-class\">8. T\u0159\u00edda slu\u017eby<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#common-terms-for-crane-metal-structures-and-components\">B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 term\u00edny pro kovov\u00e9 konstrukce a komponenty je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1-crane-metal-structure\">1. Kovov\u00e1 konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1bu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-typical-metal-structure-types\">2. Typick\u00e9 typy kovov\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#3-common-structural-and-component-terms\">3. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed a komponentn\u00ed term\u00edny<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#load-and-force-terms\">Podm\u00ednky zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a s\u00edly<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1-regular-loads\">1. Pravideln\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-accidental-loads\">2. N\u00e1hodn\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#3-special-loads\">3. Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#performance-indicator-terms\">Pojmy ukazatel\u016f v\u00fdkonnosti<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#summary\">Shrnut\u00ed<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Terminologie konstruk\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1vrh\u016f je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad pro \u010dten\u00ed technick\u00fdch v\u00fdkres\u016f, prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed konstruk\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f a sd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed technick\u00fdch n\u00e1vrh\u016f. Tato p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka p\u0159edstavuje b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 term\u00edny t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se parametr\u016f je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f, t\u0159\u00edd zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, kovov\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed, zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a v\u00fdkonnostn\u00edch ukazatel\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Crane-Design-Terminology-featured-image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16332\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-crane-design-terminology-parameters-and-duty-classes\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 terminologie konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f: Parametry a t\u0159\u00eddy zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Parametry je\u0159\u00e1bov\u00e9ho mechanismu popisuj\u00ed provozn\u00ed v\u00fdkon zdvihac\u00edch stroj\u016f a poskytuj\u00ed z\u00e1klad pro n\u00e1vrh a v\u00fdb\u011br za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. T\u0159\u00edda provozu je\u0159\u00e1bu zohled\u0148uje vyu\u017eit\u00ed nosnosti a \u010dasu, jako\u017e i po\u010det pracovn\u00edch cykl\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-rated-lifting-capacity-gn\">1. Jmenovit\u00e1 nosnost Gn<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jmenovit\u00e1 nosnost je celkov\u00e1 hmotnost b\u0159emene nebo materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd je\u0159\u00e1b dok\u00e1\u017ee zvednout, spolu s odn\u00edmateln\u00fdmi zdvihac\u00edmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi (s v\u00fdjimkou rozmetadel kontejner\u016f) nebo p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161enstv\u00edm, jako jsou drap\u00e1ky, elektromagnetick\u00e1 zdvihac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a zdvihac\u00ed nosn\u00edky. U je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f s prom\u011bnn\u00fdm polom\u011brem, jako jsou v\u011b\u017eov\u00e9 je\u0159\u00e1by, autoje\u0159\u00e1by a port\u00e1lov\u00e9 je\u0159\u00e1by, se jmenovit\u00e1 nosnost m\u011bn\u00ed s pracovn\u00edm polom\u011brem. Jmenovit\u00e1 jmenovit\u00e1 nosnost je maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed jmenovit\u00e1 nosnost povolen\u00e1 za bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch podm\u00ednek p\u0159i minim\u00e1ln\u00edm polom\u011bru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed se \u201enosnost\u201c obecn\u011b rozum\u00ed jmenovit\u00e1 nosnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pro podporu s\u00e9riov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby a standardizace byla stanovena norma pro jmenovitou nosnost (tabulka 1-1). Zdroj cituje GB783-87 a uv\u00e1d\u00ed jednotku jako t. U nov\u011b navr\u017een\u00fdch zdvihac\u00edch stroj\u016f by jmenovit\u00e1 nosnost je\u0159\u00e1bu a pomocn\u00e9ho zdvihac\u00edho mechanismu m\u011bla odpov\u00eddat standardn\u00edm s\u00e9riov\u00fdm hodnot\u00e1m. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm v\u00fdkonem by m\u011bla tak\u00e9 odpov\u00eddat standardn\u00edm s\u00e9riov\u00fdm hodnot\u00e1m nebo se jim co nejv\u00edce bl\u00ed\u017eit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/table-1-1-rated-lifting-capacity-series-1.png\" alt=\"Obr\u00e1zek 1. \u0158ada maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed jmenovit\u00e9 nosnosti pro zdvihac\u00ed stroje, zdroj Tabulka 1-1\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/table-1-2-standard-crane-span.png\" alt=\"Obr\u00e1zek 2. \u0158ada maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed jmenovit\u00e9 nosnosti pro zdvihac\u00ed stroje, zdroj Tabulka 1-1\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-span-s\">2. Rozp\u011bt\u00ed S<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>U mostov\u00e9ho je\u0159\u00e1bu je rozp\u011bt\u00ed vodorovn\u00e1 vzd\u00e1lenost mezi st\u0159edov\u00fdmi liniemi mostn\u00edch kolejnic je\u0159\u00e1bu. Vyjad\u0159uje se jako S, a\u010dkoli se v minulosti b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvalo L, a m\u011b\u0159\u00ed se v metrech (m). Rozp\u011bt\u00ed elektrick\u00fdch mostov\u00fdch je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f maj\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed normy (zdroj: Tabulka 1-2). Obr\u00e1zek 1-1 zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje rozp\u011bt\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bu. Rozp\u011bt\u00ed mostov\u00e9ho je\u0159\u00e1bu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na rozp\u011bt\u00ed budovy Sc; v \u0159ad\u011b rozp\u011bt\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstek obvykle 3 m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/figure-1-1-crane-span.png\" alt=\"Obr\u00e1zek 3. Rozp\u011bt\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bu\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Obr\u00e1zek 1-1 zobrazuje (a) rozp\u011bt\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bu a (b) rozp\u011bt\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bu se dv\u011bma kolejnicemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-gauge-k\">3. M\u011b\u0159idlo K<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Rozchod kol, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd tak\u00e9 rozchod kol, je definov\u00e1n n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>U voz\u00edku je to vzd\u00e1lenost mezi st\u0159edov\u00fdmi osami kolejnic voz\u00edku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>U oto\u010dn\u00e9ho je\u0159\u00e1bu je to vzd\u00e1lenost mezi osami kolejnic nebo mezi osami p\u00e1snic pojezdov\u00fdch kol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-wheelbase-b\">4. Rozvor B<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Rozvor, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd tak\u00e9 rozvor, je vzd\u00e1lenost mezi st\u0159edov\u00fdmi osami podp\u011br je\u0159\u00e1bu nebo voz\u00edku pod\u00e9l pod\u00e9ln\u00e9ho sm\u011bru j\u00edzdy. Rozvor B z\u00e1vis\u00ed na uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed podp\u011brn\u00fdch kol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/figure-1-2-wheelbase.png\" alt=\"Obr\u00e1zek 4. Rozvor kol\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-lifting-height-h-lowering-depth-h-and-lifting-range-d\">5. V\u00fd\u0161ka zdvihu H, hloubka spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed h a rozsah zdvihu D<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj definuje p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti s vyu\u017eit\u00edm nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed pracovn\u00ed polohy zdvihac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a uv\u00e1d\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>D = H + h<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud nen\u00ed stanovena hloubka spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, rovn\u00e1 se rozsah zdvihu D v\u00fd\u0161ce zdvihu H. V\u00fd\u0161ka zdvihu a hloubka spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed s pou\u017eit\u00edm st\u0159edu misky h\u00e1ku jako referen\u010dn\u00edho bodu. U jin\u00fdch zdvihac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jako jsou drap\u00e1ky, se jako referen\u010dn\u00ed bod pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed bod v zav\u0159en\u00e9 poloze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/lifting-height-and-lowering-depth.png\" alt=\"Obr\u00e1zek 5. V\u00fd\u0161ka zdvihu a hloubka spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-mechanism-operating-speeds\">6. Provozn\u00ed rychlosti mechanismu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Provozn\u00ed rychlosti mechanismu se li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na mechanismu je\u0159\u00e1bu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rychlost zved\u00e1n\u00ed a spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Vn:<\/strong> rychlost vertik\u00e1ln\u00edho posuvu jmenovit\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v ust\u00e1len\u00e9m provozn\u00edm stavu, m\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 v m\/min.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rychlost pojezdu je\u0159\u00e1bu nebo mostu VR&#39;:<\/strong> rychlost pojezdu je\u0159\u00e1bu nesouc\u00edho jmenovit\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na vodorovn\u00e9m povrchu nebo kolejnici v ust\u00e1len\u00e9m provozn\u00edm stavu, m\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 v m\/min.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rychlost pojezdu voz\u00edku Vt&#39;:<\/strong> rychlost voz\u00edku p\u0159epravuj\u00edc\u00edho jmenovit\u00fd n\u00e1klad po vodorovn\u00e9 kolejnici v ust\u00e1len\u00e9m provozn\u00edm stavu, m\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 v m\/min.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/table-1-3-typical-crane-operating-speeds.png\" alt=\"Obr\u00e1zek 6. Zdrojov\u00fd graf t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se provozn\u00edch rychlost\u00ed mechanismu\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-wheel-load\">7. Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kola<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kola je maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed svisl\u00fd tlak vyv\u00edjen\u00fd na kola je\u0159\u00e1bu vlastn\u00ed t\u00edhou mostu, spolu s vlastn\u00ed t\u00edhou voz\u00edku a jmenovitou nosnost\u00ed, kdy\u017e je voz\u00edk v mezn\u00ed poloze. Je to d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd z\u00e1klad pro n\u00e1vrh pojezdov\u00e9ho mechanismu a kolejnic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-duty-class\">8. T\u0159\u00edda slu\u017eby<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u0159\u00edda zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bu se d\u011bl\u00ed podle t\u0159\u00eddy vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u2013 celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu pracovn\u00edch cykl\u016f b\u011bhem projektovan\u00e9 \u017eivotnosti \u2013 a stavu zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. Ud\u00e1v\u00e1, jak n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 je pr\u00e1ce je\u0159\u00e1bu, v\u010detn\u011b toho, jak je vyt\u00ed\u017een\u00fd v \u010dase a jak \u010dasto manipuluje s pln\u00fdm zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj rozd\u011bluje t\u0159\u00eddy zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na A1\u2013A8. Jeho p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e9 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed je A1\u2013A4 pro lehk\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, A5\u2013A6 pro st\u0159edn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, A7 pro t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a A8 pro extra t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. Tabulka 1-4 zdroje uv\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady t\u0159\u00edd zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/table-1-4-typical-crane-working-classifications.png\" alt=\"Obr\u00e1zek 7. P\u0159\u00edklady t\u0159\u00edd zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bu, zdroj Tabulka 1-4\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"common-terms-for-crane-metal-structures-and-components\">B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 term\u00edny pro kovov\u00e9 konstrukce a komponenty je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-crane-metal-structure\">1. Kovov\u00e1 konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1bu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kovov\u00e1 konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1bu, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 tak\u00e9 ocelov\u00e1 konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1bu, je konstrukce schopn\u00e1 un\u00e9st r\u016fzn\u00e1 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bu. Skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z ocelov\u00fdch plech\u016f a profil\u016f vyroben\u00fdch z kovov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a sestaven\u00fdch v definovan\u00e9m konstruk\u010dn\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed sva\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, n\u00fdtov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u0161roubov\u00e1n\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch metod spojov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kovov\u00e9 konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z nosn\u00fdch prvk\u016f, nenosn\u00fdch prvk\u016f a spojovac\u00edch profil\u016f. Hlavn\u00ed nosn\u00edky, koncov\u00e9 nosn\u00edky a nohy jsou nosn\u00e9 prvky a vy\u017eaduj\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010dty pevnosti, tuhosti a stability. Chodn\u00edky, z\u00e1bradl\u00ed a \u017eeb\u0159\u00edky jsou nenosn\u00e9 prvky; zdroj uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010dty pevnosti, tuhosti a stability, ale \u017ee je t\u0159eba zohlednit bezpe\u010dnost, snadnost pou\u017eit\u00ed a ergonomii. Spoje se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b sva\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0161roubov\u00e1n\u00ed, zat\u00edmco n\u00fdtov\u00e1n\u00ed se nyn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jen z\u0159\u00eddka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-typical-metal-structure-types\">2. Typick\u00e9 typy kovov\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mezi typick\u00e9 typy pat\u0159\u00ed mostn\u00ed konstrukce, port\u00e1lov\u00e9 je\u0159\u00e1by, v\u011b\u017ee a v\u00fdlo\u017en\u00edky. Kovov\u00e9 konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f se vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed z prvk\u016f, desek a profil\u016f, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed prvky, jako jsou hlavn\u00ed nosn\u00edky, koncov\u00e9 nosn\u00edky a nohy. R\u016fzn\u00e9 prvky tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bov\u00e9 konstrukce, jako jsou mosty, port\u00e1lov\u00e9 je\u0159\u00e1by, v\u011b\u017ee a v\u00fdlo\u017en\u00edky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-common-structural-and-component-terms\">3. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed a komponentn\u00ed term\u00edny<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hlavn\u00ed nosn\u00edk:<\/strong> Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed nosn\u00fd prvek mostov\u00e9ho nebo port\u00e1lov\u00e9ho je\u0159\u00e1bu, nesouc\u00ed zvedac\u00ed b\u0159emeno.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Noha:<\/strong> Nosn\u00fd prvek port\u00e1lov\u00e9ho je\u0159\u00e1bu nebo autoje\u0159\u00e1bu, kter\u00fd pom\u00e1h\u00e1 udr\u017eovat celkovou provozn\u00ed stabilitu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>V\u00fdlo\u017en\u00edk:<\/strong> Pevn\u00e9 nebo teleskopick\u00e9 rameno na oto\u010dn\u00e9m je\u0159\u00e1bu pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 ke zved\u00e1n\u00ed b\u0159emen a nastavov\u00e1n\u00ed pracovn\u00edho polom\u011bru.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zvedac\u00ed mechanismus:<\/strong> Mechanismus, kter\u00fd vertik\u00e1ln\u011b zved\u00e1 a spou\u0161t\u00ed b\u0159emena, sest\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed z motoru, p\u0159evodovky, bubnu, brzdy, h\u00e1ku a dal\u0161\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pojezdov\u00fd mechanismus:<\/strong> Mechanismus, kter\u00fd pohybuje cel\u00fdm je\u0159\u00e1bem nebo voz\u00edkem; m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt namontov\u00e1n na kolejnici nebo nekolejnici.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Oto\u010dn\u00fd mechanismus:<\/strong> Mechanismus, kter\u00fd ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed rameno kolem svisl\u00e9 osy, b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd u autoje\u0159\u00e1b\u016f, p\u00e1sov\u00fdch je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f a v\u011b\u017eov\u00fdch je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Brzda:<\/strong> Brzdov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 k zastaven\u00ed, omezen\u00ed rychlosti a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edmu udr\u017een\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Koncov\u00fd sp\u00edna\u010d:<\/strong> Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 omezuje v\u00fd\u0161ku zdvihu, vzd\u00e1lenost pojezdu nebo \u00fahel nato\u010den\u00ed, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo nadm\u011brn\u00e9mu pohybu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Omezova\u010d p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed:<\/strong> Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 automaticky p\u0159eru\u0161\u00ed zdvihac\u00ed s\u00edlu, kdy\u017e zvedan\u00e1 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e p\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed jmenovitou hodnotu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"load-and-force-terms\">Podm\u00ednky zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a s\u00edly<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-regular-loads\">1. Pravideln\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u011bhem b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho provozu je\u0159\u00e1bu se \u010dasto vyskytuje pravideln\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b gravita\u010dn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, setrva\u010dn\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159i j\u00edzd\u011b nebo brzd\u011bn\u00ed (zrychlen\u00ed nebo zpomalen\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bu) a zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 posunut\u00edm nebo deformac\u00ed ocelov\u00e9 konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1bu. Tato zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed by m\u011bla b\u00fdt zohledn\u011bna p\u0159i v\u00fdpo\u010dtu a kontrole pevnostn\u00edho poru\u0161en\u00ed, elastick\u00e9 nestability a \u00fanavov\u00e9ho poru\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pravideln\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee zahrnuj\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vlastn\u00ed t\u00edhou PG:<\/strong> Gravita\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edla ocelov\u00e9 konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1bu, mechanism\u016f, elektrick\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch hmot.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jmenovit\u00e9 zvedac\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed PQ:<\/strong> Gravita\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edla celkov\u00e9 zvedan\u00e9 hmotnosti p\u0159i zved\u00e1n\u00ed jmenovit\u00e9 nosnosti. Pokud je nosnost velk\u00e1, m\u011bla by b\u00fdt zahrnuta hmotnost zvedac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a ocelov\u00e9ho lana.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Setrva\u010dn\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159i horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm pohybu PH:<\/strong> Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed setrva\u010dn\u00e1 s\u00edla vyvolan\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed hmotnost\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bu nebo voz\u00edku a zvednutou hmotnost\u00ed p\u0159i pod\u00e9ln\u00e9m nebo p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9m pohybu a zrychlov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo brzd\u011bn\u00ed v horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed rovin\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-accidental-loads\">2. N\u00e1hodn\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e1hodn\u00e1 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jsou zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se b\u011bhem b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho provozu nevyskytuj\u00ed \u010dasto, ale mohou se objevit p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u011b. Pat\u0159\u00ed sem zejm\u00e9na tyto typy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed bo\u010dn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed od zkosen\u00ed Ps:<\/strong> Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 vodic\u00ed reakc\u00ed na vodic\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jako je p\u0159\u00edruba kola nebo vodorovn\u00e9 vodic\u00ed kolo, kdy\u017e se je\u0159\u00e1b nebo voz\u00edk b\u011bhem pod\u00e9ln\u00e9ho nebo p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9ho pohybu nakl\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed stupn\u011b Pp:<\/strong> Odpor, kter\u00fd je\u0159\u00e1b nebo voz\u00edk c\u00edt\u00ed p\u0159i j\u00edzd\u011b do kopce po pojezdov\u00e9 kolejnici. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee zdrojov\u00e1 formulace \u201epo pojezdov\u00e9 kolejnici\u201c obsahuje textovou chybu a vy\u017eaduje technickou kontrolu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Provozn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u011btrem Pw:<\/strong> Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edla v\u011btru, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bl venkovn\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1b odolat b\u011bhem provozu. Zdroj tak\u00e9 zmi\u0148uje zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ledem, sn\u011bhem a teplotou.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-special-loads\">3. Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jsou zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se vyskytuj\u00ed za v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, kdy\u017e je\u0159\u00e1b nepracuje norm\u00e1ln\u011b nebo je mimo provoz. Pat\u0159\u00ed sem zejm\u00e9na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed typy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kolizn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed Pc:<\/strong> Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159i sr\u00e1\u017ece dvou sousedn\u00edch je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f na stejn\u00e9 kolejnici nebo p\u0159i n\u00e1razu je\u0159\u00e1bu do dorazov\u00e9 zar\u00e1\u017eky na konci kolejnice.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159eklopn\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed Psl:<\/strong> Nap\u0159\u00edklad u stohovac\u00edho je\u0159\u00e1bu m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edm\u011bt nebo manipula\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se uvnit\u0159 pevn\u00e9ho vodic\u00edho r\u00e1mu pro zved\u00e1n\u00ed nebo spodn\u00ed konec pevn\u00e9ho vodic\u00edho r\u00e1mu narazit na p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku a vyvolat vodorovnou s\u00edlu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 tendenci je\u0159\u00e1b nebo voz\u00edk p\u0159evr\u00e1tit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Seismick\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed PE:<\/strong> Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00edm a p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na je\u0159\u00e1b typu kladkostroj.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u011btrem mimo provoz:<\/strong> Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edla v\u011btru, kter\u00e9 je\u0159\u00e1b odol\u00e1 mimo provoz, m\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 v N.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/non-working-state-wind-load.png\" alt=\"Obr\u00e1zek 11. Zdrojov\u00fd diagram souvisej\u00edc\u00ed se zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edm v\u011btrem mimo provoz\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>V ur\u010dit\u00fdch situac\u00edch se mohou vyskytnout i jin\u00e1 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad procesn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. <strong>\u00danavov\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/strong> je cyklick\u00e9 st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e9mu je konstrukce vystavena b\u011bhem opakovan\u00e9ho provozu je\u0159\u00e1bu a kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uje \u017eivotnost za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"performance-indicator-terms\">Pojmy ukazatel\u016f v\u00fdkonnosti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pevnost, v\u010detn\u011b ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u00fanavov\u00e9 pevnosti:<\/strong> Schopnost prvku zabr\u00e1nit poru\u0161en\u00ed vlivem vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sil. Pevnost zahrnuje pevnost v tahu a tlaku, pevnost v ohybu, smykovou pevnost a pevnost v \u00fanosnosti nebo v tlaku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ztuhlost:<\/strong> Schopnost omezit deformaci prvku vlivem vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sil. Zahrnuje statickou tuhost ve svisl\u00e9m a vodorovn\u00e9m sm\u011bru, stejn\u011b jako dynamickou tuhost souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stabilita:<\/strong> Schopnost odol\u00e1vat ztr\u00e1t\u011b stability vlivem vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sil. Zahrnuje celkovou odolnost proti p\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00ed, glob\u00e1ln\u00ed stabilitu prvk\u016f a lok\u00e1ln\u00ed stabilitu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed faktor:<\/strong> Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed rezerva vyhrazen\u00e1 v n\u00e1vrhu, zde definovan\u00e1 jako pom\u011br nosnosti konstrukce ke skute\u010dn\u00e9mu zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. Mus\u00ed spl\u0148ovat p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 po\u017eadavky p\u0159edpis\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>P\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed:<\/strong> Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnota nap\u011bt\u00ed, kterou p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 norma umo\u017e\u0148uje, aby konstruk\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l odolal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/allowable-stress.png\" alt=\"Obr\u00e1zek 12. Zdrojov\u00fd diagram souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s ukazateli v\u00fdkonnosti\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"summary\">Shrnut\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tyto term\u00edny jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed a \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f. Podporuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravu v\u00fdkres\u016f, v\u00fdpo\u010dty parametr\u016f, diskuze o technick\u00fdch n\u00e1vrz\u00edch a dal\u0161\u00ed studium konstruk\u010dn\u00edho n\u00e1vrhu a aplikace p\u0159edpis\u016f.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Pr\u016fvodce z\u00e1kladn\u00ed terminologi\u00ed v oblasti konstrukce je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b nosnosti, rozp\u011bt\u00ed, obrysu, rozvoru, t\u0159\u00edd zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, kovov\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed, zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, sil a v\u00fdkonnostn\u00edch ukazatel\u016f, je\u0159\u00e1b\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch.","protected":false},"featured_media":16332,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"single-SEO-Table.php","posts_category":[197],"posts_tag":[796],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/xmxposts\/16301"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/xmxposts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/posts"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/xmxposts\/16301\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16335,"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/xmxposts\/16301\/revisions\/16335"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16332"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16301"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"posts_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts_category?post=16301"},{"taxonomy":"posts_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts_tag?post=16301"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}