{"id":16301,"date":"2026-10-12T07:16:52","date_gmt":"2026-10-12T07:16:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/?post_type=posts&#038;p=16301"},"modified":"2026-10-12T07:20:45","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T07:20:45","slug":"crane-design-terminology","status":"publish","type":"posts","link":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/vi\/posts\/crane-design-terminology\/","title":{"rendered":"Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><p>M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p><nav><ul><li><a href=\"#key-crane-design-terminology-parameters-and-duty-classes\">Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u quan tr\u1ecdng: Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p t\u1ea3i<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1-rated-lifting-capacity-gn\">1. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c Gn<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-span-s\">2. Kho\u1ea3ng S<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#3-gauge-k\">3. Th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o K<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#4-wheelbase-b\">4. Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u01a1 s\u1edf B<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#5-lifting-height-h-lowering-depth-h-and-lifting-range-d\">5. Chi\u1ec1u cao n\u00e2ng H, \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u h\u1ea1 h v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e2ng D<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#6-mechanism-operating-speeds\">6. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#7-wheel-load\">7. T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng b\u00e1nh xe<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#8-duty-class\">8. L\u1edbp nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#common-terms-for-crane-metal-structures-and-components\">C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1-crane-metal-structure\">1. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-typical-metal-structure-types\">2. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#3-common-structural-and-component-terms\">3. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#load-and-force-terms\">C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1-regular-loads\">1. T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-accidental-loads\">2. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#3-special-loads\">3. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#performance-indicator-terms\">Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#summary\">B\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea3i, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kim lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Crane-Design-Terminology-featured-image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16332\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-crane-design-terminology-parameters-and-duty-classes\">Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u quan tr\u1ecdng: Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p t\u1ea3i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u xem x\u00e9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 chu k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-rated-lifting-capacity-gn\">1. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c Gn<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1o r\u1eddi (kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e2ng container) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 g\u1ea7u x\u00fac, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 d\u1ea7m n\u00e2ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u th\u00e1p, c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u c\u1ed5ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho ph\u00e9p trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c an to\u00e0n \u1edf b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, &quot;kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng&quot; th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n d\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp (B\u1ea3ng 1-1). Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB783-87 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y m\u00f3c n\u00e2ng h\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edbi, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/table-1-1-rated-lifting-capacity-series-1.png\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh 1. D\u00e3y c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e2ng, ngu\u1ed3n B\u1ea3ng 1-1\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/table-1-2-standard-crane-span.png\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh 2. D\u00e3y c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e2ng, ngu\u1ed3n B\u1ea3ng 1-1\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-span-s\">2. Kho\u1ea3ng S<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c, nh\u1ecbp l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ngang gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ray di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 S, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 L th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng m\u00e9t (m). Nh\u1ecbp c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c gia (ngu\u1ed3n B\u1ea3ng 1-2). H\u00ecnh 1-1 minh h\u1ecda nh\u1ecbp c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u. Nh\u1ecbp c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1ecbp c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Sc; trong d\u00e3y nh\u1ecbp, b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 3 m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/figure-1-1-crane-span.png\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh 3. Nh\u1ecbp c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00ecnh 1-1 bao g\u1ed3m (a) kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u v\u00e0 (b) kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-gauge-k\">3. Th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o K<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai b\u00e1nh xe, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray xe \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u c\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m c\u00e1c r\u00e3nh b\u00e1nh xe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-wheelbase-b\">4. Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u01a1 s\u1edf B<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai tr\u1ee5c b\u00e1nh xe, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u ho\u1eb7c xe \u0111\u1ea9y d\u1ecdc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai tr\u1ee5c b\u00e1nh xe (B) ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ee1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/figure-1-2-wheelbase.png\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh 4. Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u01a1 s\u1edf\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-lifting-height-h-lowering-depth-h-and-lifting-range-d\">5. Chi\u1ec1u cao n\u00e2ng H, \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u h\u1ea1 h v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e2ng D<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>D = H + h<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e2ng D b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u cao n\u00e2ng H. Chi\u1ec1u cao n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u00e1t m\u00f3c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 g\u1eafp, \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/lifting-height-and-lowering-depth.png\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh 5. Chi\u1ec1u cao n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u h\u1ea1\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-mechanism-operating-speeds\">6. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 Vn:<\/strong> T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng m\/ph\u00fat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c VR&#39;:<\/strong> T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u khi mang t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1eb1m ngang ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng m\/ph\u00fat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a xe \u0111\u1ea9y Vt&#39;:<\/strong> T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a xe \u0111\u1ea9y mang t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray n\u1eb1m ngang trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng m\/ph\u00fat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/table-1-3-typical-crane-operating-speeds.png\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh 6. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ngu\u1ed3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u.\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-wheel-load\">7. T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng b\u00e1nh xe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng b\u00e1nh xe l\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00ean b\u00e1nh xe c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u do tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a xe \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c khi xe \u0111\u1ea9y \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-duty-class\">8. L\u1edbp nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia theo c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\u2014t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 chu k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf\u2014v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ea3i. N\u00f3 cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed1i \u0111a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chia c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh A1\u2013A8. So s\u00e1nh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 sau: A1\u2013A4 cho t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9, A5\u2013A6 cho t\u1ea3i trung b\u00ecnh, A7 cho t\u1ea3i n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 A8 cho t\u1ea3i c\u1ef1c n\u1eb7ng. B\u1ea3ng 1-4 trong ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/table-1-4-typical-crane-working-classifications.png\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh 7. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u, ngu\u1ed3n B\u1ea3ng 1-4\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"common-terms-for-crane-metal-structures-and-components\">C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-crane-metal-structure\">1. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Khung k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u th\u00e9p c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u00e0 thanh th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p theo m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n, t\u00e1n \u0111inh, b\u1eaft bu l\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ed1i. D\u1ea7m ch\u00ednh, d\u1ea7m cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. L\u1ed1i \u0111i, lan can v\u00e0 thang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c; ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n, d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ti\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu l\u00f4ng, trong khi t\u00e1n \u0111inh hi\u1ec7n nay \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-typical-metal-structure-types\">2. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c, gi\u00e0n tr\u1ee5c, th\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n, t\u1ea5m v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7m ch\u00ednh, d\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee1. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c, gi\u00e0n tr\u1ee5c, th\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-common-structural-and-component-terms\">3. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>D\u1ea7m ch\u00ednh:<\/strong> B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u tr\u00ean cao ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u gi\u00e0n, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ch\u00e2n:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u gi\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u xe t\u1ea3i, gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u:<\/strong> C\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea1ng \u1ed1ng l\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u ki\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng v\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00e2ng h\u1ea1:<\/strong> C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00e2ng h\u1ea1 v\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, h\u1ed9p s\u1ed1, tang tr\u1ed1ng, phanh, m\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf di chuy\u1ec3n:<\/strong> C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u di chuy\u1ec3n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u ho\u1eb7c xe \u0111\u1ea9y; n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean ray ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn tr\u00ean ray.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quay:<\/strong> C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u xoay c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u quanh tr\u1ee5c th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u xe t\u1ea3i, c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u b\u00e1nh x\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u th\u00e1p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Phanh:<\/strong> Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb phanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng xe, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef xe an to\u00e0n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n:<\/strong> Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb an to\u00e0n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n chi\u1ec1u cao n\u00e2ng, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c g\u00f3c xoay \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>B\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i:<\/strong> Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb an to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng khi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng n\u00e2ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"load-and-force-terms\">C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-regular-loads\">1. T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh sinh ra khi l\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c phanh l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u, v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng do s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u th\u00e9p c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y khi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c do m\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n PG:<\/strong> L\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u th\u00e9p, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c PQ:<\/strong> L\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng khi n\u00e2ng t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c. Khi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng n\u00e2ng l\u1edbn, c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2y c\u00e1p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ngang PH:<\/strong> L\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u ho\u1eb7c xe \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng khi di chuy\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ec1u ngang v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c trong m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ngang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-accidental-loads\">2. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng ngang do \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch Ps:<\/strong> T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0nh b\u00e1nh xe ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1nh xe d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng ngang, khi c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u ho\u1eb7c xe \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ngang.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea5p Pp:<\/strong> L\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i khi c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u ho\u1eb7c xe \u0111\u1ea9y di chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean d\u1ed1c d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c \u201cd\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u201d d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9a l\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng gi\u00f3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh Pw:<\/strong> L\u1ef1c gi\u00f3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng do b\u0103ng, tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00e2y ra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-special-loads\">3. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t sinh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u1ea3i va ch\u1ea1m Pc:<\/strong> T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t sinh khi hai c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray va ch\u1ea1m, ho\u1eb7c khi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi thanh ch\u1eafn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng l\u1eadt ngang Psl:<\/strong> V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u x\u1ebfp d\u1ee1, m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e2ng h\u1ea1 di chuy\u1ec3n b\u00ean trong khung d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e2ng c\u1ee9ng, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khung d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c ngang c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m l\u1eadt c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u ho\u1eb7c xe \u0111\u1ea9y.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t PE:<\/strong> T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng do \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u ki\u1ec3u t\u1eddi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng gi\u00f3 khi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> L\u1ef1c gi\u00f3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng N.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/non-working-state-wind-load.png\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh 11. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ngu\u1ed3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng gi\u00f3 khi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. <strong>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng m\u1ecfi<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo chu k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"performance-indicator-terms\">Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n m\u1ecfi:<\/strong> Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o v\u00e0 n\u00e9n, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n u\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecbu n\u00e9n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng:<\/strong> Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u0129nh theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong> Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 an to\u00e0n:<\/strong> M\u1ee9c an to\u00e0n d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u1ee8ng su\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e9p:<\/strong> Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh cho ph\u00e9p v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/allowable-stress.png\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh 12. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ngu\u1ed3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"summary\">B\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u. Ch\u00fang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"C\u1ea9m nang d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng, kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9, kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u01a1 s\u1edf, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kim lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng, l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.","protected":false},"featured_media":16332,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"single-SEO-Table.php","posts_category":[197],"posts_tag":[796],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/xmxposts\/16301"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/xmxposts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/posts"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/xmxposts\/16301\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16335,"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/xmxposts\/16301\/revisions\/16335"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16332"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16301"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"posts_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts_category?post=16301"},{"taxonomy":"posts_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hndfcrane.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts_tag?post=16301"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}